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Page, Y. As early as the Confessing Church had suggested sermons to its pastors on the book of Esther "to show that every enemy of the Jews, like Haman, would come to a bad end.

Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister it makes more sense if one separates the evaluation of judicial decisions from the overarching theme of the "final solution. What if the everyday life of German Jews had been determined "only" by harassment by the bureaucracy and the party with the blessings of the judicial system?

How would they have experienced life starting in ? The situation of would have developed into an ongoing state of affairs. The German Jews would have lived in a state that had undertaken not to protect its Jewish citizens any longer; instead, it would deprive them of their rights under the law and punish them wherever possible.

They would have to vacate their homes and move to buildings owned by Jews. This would eventually lead to concentration in a modern ghetto.

Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister with the outside world would be unwelcome. Contact perceived as sexual in nature with "people of German blood" would be punishable by law. Children's given names would be restricted to an official list issued in School and university attendance, the use of libraries, and a thousand other things would be forbidden to the Jews.

They would not be able to work as physicians, attorneys, real estate brokers, guides for foreigners, or in credit agencies. Even street peddling would be forbidden.

Public transportation would be off limits. Synagogues would be burned down. Significant Jewish property or Jewish firms in general would cease to exist. Even without war and extermination, the steady policy of "elimination" of Jews would have gone on.

These were exactly the conditions that the judges, with their verdicts and their decisions, had approved: a master race would barely have tolerated a "guest people" Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister lepers on the outermost fringe of society, deprived[ls4] of all rights, plundered, despised, and outcast.

And prevented from fleeing. Not enough to die of, but too little to live on. And that would be perfectly acceptable. The purity of Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister blood would be assured. Any danger of contact with Jews was nipped in the bud, to quote the Superior Court.

No half measures here - the separation would be complete and unambiguous. And it would be legal as well because German judges had determined the conditions to be correct under the letter of the law. That's what they have to answer for. That immeasurably greater damage would still come - that can be no excuse.

The struggle of the National Socialists against the Jews was a war; that is how it was understood and carried out. Matthias Claudius' lament, "It's war! It's war! It's unfortunately war," and his closing plea, "and I wish it were not my fault," would have been fitting words for many of the German judges. Unfortunately, they weren't the ones to say them. If Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister want to live in a moral state, in a society that does not have to avert its eyes from its own history, then we must face up to this part of the past as well, not "overcome" it, but come to grips with it.

The necessary grappling with the past cannot be considered closed so long as it not really over. Trying to prematurely bring to a close the process of honest confrontation with what has gone before comes at the high price of some long-lived psychological damage. This book is not concerned with simply repeating judicial verdicts and decisions. In order to really grasp their significance, it is necessary to conjure up an image of the actual people involved.

After more than a lifetime has passed, this is not completely possible, but it will be attempted here. In the end, a frightening "normality" can be discerned in this story that makes one afraid that we have not really precluded every danger of repeating what has gone before. The language used to describe minorities is a reliable gauge here, for the process of violating human dignity begins with words themselves.

A personality like Esther, who played such an historical role, though not through open and above-board negotiations, but through tricks, deception, and misuse of her bodily attractions and of her position, such a criminal prostitute of Jewish race can stand for nothing to the German women of our time and above all cannot be looked on as a personality after whom German parents should name their children.

Kammergericht It had rejected it as "typically Jewish" and had forbidden the parents to name their daughter Esther. At first - it was summer, - I Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister before me only the decision of the Supreme Court as published in the "Legal Weekly.

Because my daughter Esther had been born inI liked the name very much, and the expressly malevolent Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister with the name and the Biblical story of Esther affected me greatly.

I wanted to know more, more about those involved, the judges and the little girl named Esther. The records of the Berlin proceedings were no longer to be found. According to information from the Court, they had been burned inand anything that was left had been taken by the American soldiers. I had nothing more than the published Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister. The initial data for such a search were quite meager.

Section 1b of the Senate of the Supreme Court had made the decision. The only thing I knew was that Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister Senate was responsible for more than Greater Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister. The actual content which might have helped me further was sparse. It concerned the birth on August 11, of daughter to the Pastor L.

The mayor of G. So the first thing to do was to locate the city G. Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the middle of I had achieved my goal. At that time I summarized the search for our Esther in a written report. It went like this: 17 I assumed - I had no doubt about it - that G. In the completely altered world of fallwhen the wall had come down, this was a particularly exciting task.

Maybe that's why it was so easy to make a false assumption. Everything seemed quite simple - in the city G. I Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister unexpected difficulties in making a telephone call there because my office first had to find out that the listing was not under "Guben," but under the East German name of "Wilhelm-Pieck-city Guben. The Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister in Zielona Gora, previously Gruenberg, responded with a cordial letter and the report of my being dead wrong.

There were no registry documents and no church records for our Pastor L. If you are stuck, you ask the press. Other than that, I hoped to find in old newspaper records at least a birth notice of a little girl born on August 11, Maybe even with the name Esther, since for a few days after the birth the ban on this name might not have been communicated to this family.

All this activity made a big commotion, both in Guben and around Guben. The newspaper "Lausitzer Rundschau" was extremely helpful; it even did research - ultimately all in vain - on its own at the church supervisory office regarding the Pastor L. He is seeking documents and information regarding a certain Pastor L.

In accordance with the demonic spirit of the age of the Nazis, this attempt at naming was rejected with somewhat fearful reasoning. There was a reader response that led to a certain Pastor Friedrich Wilhelm Lucas, who had been the pastor in Guben up to I then learned from his housekeeper, then living in Remscheid, that from Guben he had moved to Usedom Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister island.

After the war, inhe had buried Gerhart Hauptmann 3 on Hiddensee another Baltic island. This was hazy in the memory of the readers of the "Lausitzer Rundschau. After all, this Pastor Lucas had presided at the burial of the great writer more than 35 years earlier.

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It was even more amazing that even a few people in general remembered the burial of a writer far from Guben. This was all very exciting and very interesting, but it brought me no nearer to Pastor L. Old runs of Guben newspapers were not to be found in Guben. On the Polish side as well the search was fruitless. In the Guben of today, a barren field with a few stunted trees stand where the marketplace and town center used to be.

Just beyond this there is a very lively black market, and only then does the town proper begin. I still had no answer from archives in Berlin East or West regarding runs of Guben newspapers. A birth announcement would have helped a lot. At least Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the family name, of which only the initial letter "L" was known, would have cleared up a lot. On April 10,the Protestant Central Archive in Berlin wrote to me that based on the pastoral almanac of the church province of Brandenburg of the yearin no Pastor "L.

Thus in the entire Guben area there was no Pastor L. How was that possible? The registry office was then as it is today responsible for every child born in its district. The child had to be Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister at the birthplace. That much was certain. The parents' place of residence, however, was still an open question.

The family of the pastor could have been passing through, or Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister they were visiting the wife's parents for the birth. Anything was possible. But then the birth would have had to be registered in Guben.

If that case, then the search had to be broken off. The Pastor L. He was not to be found.

Frauenberatungsstelle Hagen Frauenberatungsstelle Herford e.

This is, if G. But was it really Guben? Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister had I come to that conclusion? I had assumed that G. But was that correct? It was unbelievably wrong - but more of that later. I then took a step back in my search. Perhaps there was a chance to fill in some of the unknown quantities in the equation. If the Supreme Court decision had been published in other professional newspapers, perhaps there was more to read there.

The content in such publications is often given in an abridged form. It might be possible to find information in another newspaper Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister had fallen by the wayside when it was published in the "Legal Weekly. At first I thought this was a typo in the transcription of the decision - W. Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister too I should have read the text more carefully, for it said the following: The Pastor L.

Pastor L. The combination of the two place-name initials didn't help much. There remained the search suggested by the third publication: JFG. From this yearbook I could identify Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister two lower level jurisdictions of the district and state courts of Essen, a large industrial city in the Ruhr Valley, completely on the other end of the country from Guben. Guben, Lusatia, Brandenburg without Greater Berlin - all these were dead ends.

Hard to understand, even if I learned a lot from these detours. So - Essen. The two cities with a "G" in the area of Essen, Gladbeck and Gelsenkirchen, each had its own district court. A quick look at the text of the law, which would have been a smart thing to do earlier, gave the answer.

According to section 50 of the Civil Status Law, the district courts with authority in matters of civil status are those courts that are based in the same place as a state court. The district court in Essen was then responsible for the entire state court area of Essen.

So now it came down merely to a choice of Gladbeck or Gelsenkirchen, two medium to large industrial towns. At first it seemed more important to look for records in the Essen courts, and if not there, perhaps in the state archive in Duesseldorf. It turned out that the records of the state court in Essen had been destroyed in They had Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the war, but they had not been considered significant for modern history 21 and had therefore not been archived.

They certainly would have been worth trying, but we had lost a small historical possibility. Now the records were Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister gone. It's true that the lawsuit register at the state court in Essen gave an important hint, but the letter came a few Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister too late.

Barely a week earlier I had solved the puzzle. First I have a report on another false turn. Once the search had been narrowed to Gelsenkirchen and Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister, I could concentrate on looking for Pastor L. There could not have been many pastors starting with "L" in in Gladbeck or Gelsenkirchen. With the help of the Protestant Church Office in Cologne, I soon knew that at that time there were no pastors "L" in Gladbeck, but there were two such in Gelsenkirchen: Johannes Karl Leckebusch, bornpastor in Gelsenkirchen-Buer starting Novemberand Theobald Lehbrink, bornpastor in Gelsenkirchen starting November Both were still of an age to be fathers in To be sure, Pastor Leckebusch, 65 years old in seemed less likely than Pastor Lehbrink, who was 16 years younger.

Besides, Lehbrink had additional interesting personal data. On January 31,he had retired from the active ministry. He was barely 40 years old and had another good 25 years of service ahead of him. It could be that he had to quit the ministry because of his hard-headed confrontation over the name Esther, or it could have been that his church, to protect him, had cautiously relieved him of his duties because of the stand-to with the Nazi state.

After the war he wrote something about Arminius, the Teutonic opponent of the Romans, and of Romans and Greeks. This too led me to believe that he was no run-of-the-mill pastor. This seemed more likely to be a pastor who laid in to the Third Reich in other articles - Theobald Lehbrink could be my man! He had died in in Dassel, near Hanover. In he had remarried. Whether his first wife - Esther's mother, if he was the right one - had died early or if the marriage ended in divorce could not be determined from the short biographical data.

If however he had divorced between andthis could also explain his withdrawal from the ministry. If he was Esther's father, and if Esther, under whatever name, still was alive, then there must be evidence in the estate papers. A call to the district court in Einbeck revealed that there were records in the estate, but they were in storage. With reference to required questions regarding copyright questions in connection with his literary efforts, I was able to obtain - somewhat irregularly - a copy of the certificate of inheritance.

Luckily, two days later I could discard it since other inquiries had Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister that Pastor Lehbrink could not have been the mysterious Pastor L. A telephone call to the church office in Dassel took me to a helpful lady, who, as luck would have it, not only had known Pastor Lehbrink but had even been confirmed at the same time as his daughter.

Even though this Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister had been named Gisela, this did not mean that our Esther could not have had another name. But the birthdate! After looking in the church records, the friendly lady said that Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister had been born May 18, Again nothing.

With that birthdate, she could not have had an older sister born August 11, There were two Pastors L. The one to whom a lot of the evidence pointed was Lehbrink, and he wasn't the one. I almost had the fox guarding the henhouse.

On May 8,the State Church Archive of the Protestant Church in Westphalia wrote to me: Unfortunately, on the basis of the Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister documents, we were unable to confirm your assumption of the possible paternity of the Pastor and Superintendent Theobald Lehbrink of a daughter named Esther, born August 11, Since the Pastor Lehbrink was numbered among the German Christians [Nazi oriented breakaway church group], it is quite unlikely that he would have chosen such a name.

That was stated quite modestly. Lehbrink, as it later was shown, was an almost fanatical National Socialist with a rigid belief in the Fuehrer, or at least Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister was the way he expressed it in Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister Christmas tract on God and authority, as we shall later see. It is impossible that such a pastor, who stood so close to the Nazi-faithful German Christians, in would have caused such a row over the name Esther.

Why Lehbrink left his ministry in could not be explained. That wasn't important now. What mattered is that Pastor L. I didn't know what to do now. Perhaps I had gotten carried away. Applicable Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister decisions had not been published, which would have identified the parties to the dispute. But I only wanted to find the little girl Esther, born on August 11,in G. I will never forget the decisive long- distance telephone call.

InI said, some 5, births were registered in Gelsenkirchen. That would come out to an average of about 15 children a day. Statistically, there must have been some seven little girls registered on August 11, Could there have been one more whose family name began with "L"?

Luckily, the lady had become curious. It didn't take more than two minutes for her to confirm that on August 11,the birth of a girl with the surname L. But she couldn't say - on account of the law on the protection of personal data. I then explained why I was looking for this girl.

Yes, she said, I was at the right place, and then she read next to the given name Elizabeth a subsequent registration of the name Esther in Unfortunately, she could not tell me the family name. She was really sorry, but I had to understand. We quickly established that the family name was neither Leckebusch nor Lehbrink. That used up the only two pastors L. I was so to speak standing in front of the open birth registry book with the entry I was seeking, and I had forgotten my glasses.

Esther was so close, but I couldn't get any farther. I could only explain it to myself that this Pastor L. We had had that problem in Guben. The lady understood my despair. When she heard my deep sigh and my utterance that a name starting with L must continue with a vowel and that there were only five of these, she suggested that I start at the end of the alphabet.

In addition, she raved about the birth hospital in Gelsenkirchen, which was always popular with mothers from Wattenscheid, a small now part of the city of Bochum. The presumed typo of "W" in place of "G" was not an error; both letters were appropriate. Suddenly everything agreed and fit together. After a lightning visit to the church office and a look at the centuries-long list of Westphalian pastors, it was clear that the name of Pastor L. He had been born July 10,the son of a miner in Heeren.

After a short interlude as an assistant pastor in Spenge, he was inducted as Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister in Wattenscheid-Leithe on April 4,where he remained until July 31, He died on September 16, His first wife, the mother of the Esther I was seeking, had died in A call back to the registry Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister in Gelsenkirchen Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister all doubts.

The name was correct.

Now I had only to find out what had happened to the little girl who had received the name Esther after the war and where the year old woman Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister now to be found. At this point I am going to break off my reciting of the report for my daughter. The Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister of the story belongs at the end of the story.

He was foster father to Hadassah - that is, Esther - his uncle's daughter, for she had neither father nor mother. The maiden was shapely and beautiful; and when her father and mother died, Mordecai adopted her as his own daughter. The Book of Esther, Chapter 2, verse 7 28 Chapter 2 Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister happened inin a critical year for German history, a fateful year for lots of people. Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister "Watchword of the Week," a colorful party wall poster, celebrated as "a God- blessed year of struggle, which even after a thousand years Germans will speak of with pride and reverence.

In October the Prussian Supreme Court for Civil Matters issued the last word in the Esther case, or at least for all those involved it was the last word: A non-Jewish German girl, daughter of a pastor, whose parents wanted to name her Esther, could not be named after the Biblical Queen Esther because the Supreme Court considered the name to be "typically Jewish. The Supreme Court did not have an easy time in its reasoning. The very extensive legal reasoning allows us a view into the mental world of the three judges, on whom the "God-blessed year of struggle" had left its mark.

Such decisions can be easily criticized. From today's point of view, everything appears clear and easily understandable; Good and Evil can be easily separated. People are often smarter in hindsight.

At the same time, you do Prostitutes even need to meet with a girl, at home Seka in rented apartments - lecherous ladies Deister ready to do their Minder, such as in Bad car. Buy Sluts Bad Munder am Deister Germany Lower Saxony. All services are Bad and Prostitutes for every man. Ancient Greek and Roman records contain many references to. The Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister to see the adornments of the royal Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister was excessive, the centinels could scarcely keep the people back, and no Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister was heard amongst the women for several days but on the fineness of the linen, and on the beauty of the dresses Prostitutes Bad.

Still, a person can ask himself despairingly, how did they come to such decisions, how could they have arrived at such gross and spiteful legal grounds? How did it happen that the presumably quite intelligent minds of the judges were so befuddled? In the attempt to understand the decision and those responsible for it, 29 you have to get closer to the "spirit of the times," no Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister how much you believe that the spirit was evil, embodying the demonic character of those years.

You have to consider this spirit of the times because otherwise you won't understand anything. Even though the Berlin proceedings concerned "only" the given name of a Christian girl, the controversy over Esther's name revolved completely about the "Jewish Question.

At the last census Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister, persons of the Jewish faith were counted, including 94, foreigners, mainly Poles. At the beginning ofProstitutes Bad Muender am Deister the annexation of Austria, the German Reich had 68 million inhabitants, including someso-called "persons of the Jewish faith.

It was well known that they were heavily represented in several economic sectors and professions. This was based on historical grounds, which were connected with the restricted rights of the Jews in Germany over centuries.

German Jews also contributed to Germany's scientific fame. Of the fourteen German Nobel prize winners in chemistry, four were originally Jewish. By the beginning of - a goodJewish Germans had meanwhile left the increasingly dangerous country - the concentration in Berlin had become even greater. I really stirred them up. Oppose all sentimentality. Don't worry about the law; harass them. The Jews must be driven out of Berlin. The police will help me in doing that.

The Germany of had grown larger. With the annexation of the so-called "Eastern Marches," a centuries-old term for Austriathe population of Greater Germany had grown to 76 million. Bringing in Austria had brought in anotherJews, now totaling 0. The judiciary was also fixated on this minority in the way it persecuted them, excluded them, and deprived them of their rights. These judicial activities cannot be explained away or excused with reference to loyalty to a "positivistic" reading of the law, in which the judges were bound to follow the letter of the law literally.

The wording of many, many decisions makes clear that there is nothing here to excuse. The Germans living in the middle of were unaffected by the persecution; they went about their daily lives. The propaganda machine of the ever more arrogant Greater German State poured out reports of successes. There were quite a few of these to distract people from the difficulties of daily life. The economy of the Third Reich was, strictly speaking, heavily indebted, if not Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister its head in debt.

Rearmament and the attempts at full employment had Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister price, though of course nothing of this appeared in the papers. Foreign policy successes might make people euphoric, but they did not fill the state treasury. From time to time the state needed to throw the dog a bone. The grass roots, the party Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister, demanded their rights. The press reported in much greater detail the August 1,introduction of the plan for the common people to Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister for a private automobile than it reported the burning synagogues of November Did that really go against the interests of the public?

All the same, this does not rule out the question of what there was to fear, to see, to hear, and to suspect before November 10, the date of "the night of broken glass. To most Germans, conditions may have appeared better than in previous years. This came out in the birth rates. The number of births in in the country as a whole rose to 1,, the largest number since That corresponded to 19 births per 1, inhabitants compared to 8. The Nazi system had restrained itself for the sake of this international prestige, and had even cut back on the harassment of the Jews in Germany, at least on the surface.

What lay dormant in the heads and in the desk drawers of the Party comrades and the Party organizations was not visible. The situation Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister comparatively quiet; the "Storm and Stress" and the rowdyism ofthe early years of Nazi rule, seemed to have subsided. Actually, it was only the lull before the storm.

The baby was healthy, 52 centimers One month later, on September 11,the father, the Pastor Friedrich Luncke, baptized Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister baby Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister Wattenscheid with the name Esther. To be sure, the child had no official given name because the State Registry Office had refused the name Esther.

For the state, Esther had no name. The baptism was not only somewhat late; it was now a conscious act of protest by the father. After the Registry Office had refused the child the name which he desired, he had gone ahead and baptized his daughter with the beautiful name of Esther. He and his wife Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister firm with this name; let the Registry Office official decide whatever he wanted. To be sure, the Lunckes had thought about the choice of a name long and hard. They were touched by the dilemma of Esther, torn between conflicting duties.

She could disregard a command of her husband the king, something punishable by death, if she wanted to save her people from a threatened Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister. She overcame her dilemma with her determined words, "If I perish, so I perish. You don't have to take this literally, but the Biblical Esther combined beauty with courage. As parents are wont to do, you could read a lot into this name, a name resounding with wishes and hopes. As thoughtful readers of the Bible, the Lunckes must have been aware that the Book of Esther also presents problems.

No matter whether this was a pious tale or not, they would have had their doubts about the fact that Esther's courage in saving the Jews in Persia was sullied by the alleged death of 75, Persians - a thoroughgoing counter- pogrom going beyond pure defensive measures.

This was no simple story with simple answers. It was vigorously debated among theologians. But it was just that circumstance that made the name so Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister more endearing to the Lunckes. They had set their hearts on this name.

It inolved threats to themselves, will power, personal courage to stand in opposition, hope for salvation from an apparently omnipotent evil. Haman, the Biblical enemy of the Jews, was equivalent to Hitler - that fit in the spirit Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the times. And they weren't alone in the parish house in Leite.

Pastor Luncke was part of the "Confessing Church," a subgroup within the dominant Protestant grouping Germany that early on began to oppose the Nazis. As early as the Confessing Church had Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister sermons to its pastors on the book of Esther "to show that every enemy of the Jews, like Haman, would come to a bad end.

Episode 53 - Smugglers, Hookers and Hecklers - inside the Venezuelan Nightmare

The birth certificate of August 13,identifies that child as a girl "without a given name. The birth of the daughter Esther Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister expressed simply Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister. On August 15, Pastor Luncke reported the birth of his daughter Esther to the Evangelical Church Consistory in Muenster and from then on received an extra child allowance of 10 Reichsmarks.

His monthly salary thus rose to The legal battle for the correct given name went through three levels of courts, and finally ended with the decision of the Prussian Supreme Court for Civil Matters in Berlin on October 28, It was only on December 3 that the little girl received an official name - Elisabeth, not Esther.

Esther was inadmissible. The registry office could close its records. The state had won out. But that was not the end of the story, not by a long shot!

Esther Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the first child of the pastor and his wife, who had gotten married on April 29,and shortly thereafter had moved to the big parish house in Leite, a neighborhood in Wattenscheid, a working-class town in the Ruhr Valley.

Luise Luncke, maiden name Peuckmann, two years older than her husband, had studied German Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister theology at the university. In order to be able to devote herself to working alongside her husband in the community, she gave up on her goals for an independent career. She undertook her activity Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister no regard for her own health. She died at the age of only Friedrich Luncke had studied theology with Rudolf K. Bultmann, said to be one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century, one who wished to remove myth from Christianity while staying true to his faith.

Luncke knew Greek and Hebrew. He studied the Bible in the original; and he worked on his sermons, in which he did not shy away from confrontation with the state. In general he was very conscious of what he was doing, and he was determined to live that way in times which were hard for an engaged Christian. He set about working with all his might for his congregation. That brought him negative publicity and quickly got him in trouble. On January 6,he was arrested by the Bochum branch of the Gestapo, though he was released three days later.

The affair concerned the "Investigation of the League of Women in Leithe,"14 but no further details are available.

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But he had been warned. Luncke did not let himself be scared off. True to his nature, he remained uncompromising, a most obstinate gentleman.

In the matter of stubbornness boardering on pig-headedness, he was a true son of Westphalia. In Luncke had become assistant pastor in Spende, a working-class district with big social problems. He did not keep his distance from them, but rather he approached the workers in the cigar industry.

He had an understanding of their needs and visited them in their meager living quarters. As the son of a manual worker, he found the right tone to address them in. When he preached on a Sunday, the church was jammed to the eaves. Here is what he was like: An older woman was crossing the street with a wheelbarrow. Luncke went up to her and said, 'I'm going the same way as you. I'll push the wheelbarrow. Someone like that couldn't stay. When the word got out that he would not receive the position of pastor in Spenge, there was a protest meeting of his supporters, something unprecedented at that location.

Two to three hundred Protestants blocked the parish house and insulted the church authorities who had ordered the transfer of Assistant Pastor Luncke, The police had to be Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister to break up the meeting. In this vein, the congregation of Bulmke on June 28,questioned the Confessional Synod of the Province of Westphalia about the possible intervention Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the German Christians: Your refusal of ordination must certainly have been done with blinders on.

Or might the refusal have been the fruit of meetings with three Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister. Luncke belonged to the Confessing Church, which fought against National Socialist church policy and its puppets, the German Christians.

HwH He spoke out quite frankly, even though the Confessing Church had its Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister and lukewarm members as well.

The parents' place of residence, however, was still an open question.

Belonging to the Confessing Church did not mean unambiguous opposition to the Third Reich. Besides them, there were of course the German Christians, who were faithful to the Nazis. In Gelsenkirchen, in the immediate vicinity of Friedrich Luncke, the Superintendent in Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister was Theobald Lehbrink, whom we recently met in our search for Pastor L. At Christmas-timeLehbrink authored a nasty tract entitled "On God and Authority," which was nothing more than National Socialist propaganda expressed in theological vocabulary.

The style shows what was going on in the heads even of theologians. Since he had refused to take the oath of service to the "Fuehrer," prescribed as of Augusthe had been discharged. Lehbrink wrote the following about him: A theologian like him seems a noxious weed to every National Socialist who uderstands the Fuehrer and his inexpressible deeds for Germany's welfare A holy rage should come over us when we use our yardstick of Luther against the un- Biblical and anti-German thought of Karl Barth, the chief inspiration of the Barmen Confessional Synod, the Swiss foreigner, the one-time Social Democrat Even the party-faithful comrades might have thought that he had gone too far, had they received this sorry work to read: 38 Since our heart belongs to God, it also belongs to this pure revolutionary, who is leading the God-created people of our ancestors and of our Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister into the promised land of the future.

We will be faithful to Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister to our last breath, for: 'God wills it! The Fuehrer Adolph Hitler, by the good and gracious will of God, has overcome the deadly rule of liberalism for the good of the realm of life of the external existence of the German people. He rules and guides the existence of the entire nation according to 'natural' laws of life as set down by God, which are inspired by a single Will, all to insure the existence of the People for all eternity.

Since the Third Reich is being led according to Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister laws of creation and preservation, we Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister cast off the theologian Karl Barth, the effect of whose teachings are to be identified with those of liberalism Martin Luther overcame mortal sin against the belief of our people and by the truth of God became the great reformer for the entire way of life for all men.

Adolph Hitler overcame mortal sin against the life our people and so is the occasion for the God-given opportunity for Christians to proclaim themselves ready to undergo a test of the truth of God for the life of faith of all men.

Wasn't Superintendent Lehbrink standing on the edge of blasphemy with such words? Wasn't the idolatrous placing of Hitler on the level of the Messiah pure blasphemy?

What did the German Christians need of the Messiah from Nazareth when this one from the Austrian town of Braunau was active among them in the flesh? Where was the church protest, where was the lightning which should have struck against such sin? We know nothing at all of any response to this tract.

Still, the language of the ecstatic Theobald Lehbrink was a language that was not out of the ordinary. The language had been long prepared; it was well entrenched even Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister Deeply entrenched.

Not that resistance was the rule in the Confessing Church, not through silent protest and not through word and deed. It was rather the exception. Protestantism too could show a significant anti-Semitic tradition, one which was not so easy to lay aside.

In Bismarck's time chancellor,the well-known royal court preacher Adolph Stoecker had not only preached anti-Semitism, but he had also made it the center of his Christian party platform. Consider this - on December 11,the Confessing Church celebrated Stoecker's th birthday.

You could hardly hush up his struggle against the Jews. They sang the praises of Stoecker's campaign against the "Spirit of unbridled egoism and unbounded arrogance;" they lauded Stoecker with words applicable to current times: He saw this spirit of the age driven by a Jewry ripped away from its religious roots and by an irresponsible liberal press.

He took up arms against both of them. He accused the German Christians of deceit, and if something was fraudulent in his eyes, he Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister everyone know it. He grabbed the intruders by the collar and single-handedly threw them out of the church.

Here is an example of what they said: We reject the false teaching that the church, which is the source of the word of God and the source of its teaching, can and must recognize other events and powers, images and truths as God's revelation We reject the false teaching that there are areas of our live in which not Jesus Christ but other lords are sovereign, areas in which we do not need Him for salvation and healing We reject the false teaching that the church should turn over the shape of its mission and its order to the discretion of others, or that it should turn over such definition to the currently ruling world view and political outlook of others We reject the false teaching that the church may with human arrogance place the word and the works of the Lord in the service of some wishes, goals, and plans chosen in some high-handed manner The memorandum complained about the many forms of "dechristianizing" being carried on by the state.

It criticized the idolatrous reverence for the Fuehrer. About the anti-Semitism in the National Socialist view of the world, the memo had this to say: 41 If blood, race, the Folk, and honor achieve the status of eternal values, the Evangelical Church is forced by the First Commandment to reject this mode of thinking.

While others glorify the Aryan human, the word of God testifies to the sinfulness of all men. If Christians are required by the National Socialist world view to adopt anti-Semitism and are required to hate the Jews, this is opposed by the Christian commandment to 'Love thy neighbor. The memo ended with these words: We ask Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the freedom of our people to make their way into the future under the sign of the Cross of Jesus, so that descendants will not curse their forefathers for having built and left behind a state on this earth and at the same time had closed off to them the Kingdom of God.

The duty of our office requires what we have said in this document to the Fuehrer. The church stands in the hand of God. That was his belief as well. Presumably that is what determined the choice of a baptismal name for his daughter Esther. The more the state accumulated power and external glory, the more strongly did Friedrich Luncke internalize his belief.

When he chose his baptismal name for his daughter Esther, he consciously opposed the haughtiness of Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister state powers with the hymn to Christ from Paul's letter to the Colossians 41 For in him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or authorities - all things were created through him and for him. This confession of faith and the choice of the name Esther were one for the parents.

They had decided on this Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister, which Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister found beautiful and appropriate.

There was no family tradition to be sustained, either in the family of the past or in the family of his wife, of perpetuating the names of uncles Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister aunts, godparents or ancestors. In the choice of names, they were happily independent of such familiar constraints. They were free. Free to protest as well. But were they really free?

Esther did not reveal her people or her kindred, for Mordecai had told her not reveal it. The Book of Esther, 44 Chapter 3 In countries with a Christian tradition, a distinction is drawn between family names Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister given names, also called "baptismal names" or "Christian names" in the Christian tradition. In Germany this was customary as long ago as the 14th century. So long as there were no state registration authorities - that is, Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister office of vital records - and, before the division of church and state, the church was responsible for bringing order to the naming of children.

Names of false gods or pagan heathens were frowned upon, while names of recognized saints and Biblical figures were desirable. No unchristian names for Christians. Similar restrictions on the choice of names arose after the Revolution of in France and in practically all European countries. Not so in the USA - there the law on personal status never developed in a fashion similar to that in Europe, and the resulting customs are correspondingly looser.

Whether Geronimo, son of the bassist Alex James, will later be happy with his name, will depend very much on how he regards the history of Indians in his country. Elijah Bob Patricius Goggi Q may let himself be reduced to a simple Elijah Bob, but this still leaves the question open of what the "Q" stands for in this name of Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister son of the front man for Bono. Whether Sharleen Spiteri of the pop band "Texas" thought of any joy to be brought her in naming her Mysty Kyd or whether she thought about her daughter at all, we probably will never know.

The Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister freedom of choice for Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister could never happen in Germany. There could be no unlimited freedom in the choice of a name - that much was clear to the Lunckes as well. The concern for state orderliness was all too clear.

Names were not strictly a private affair. Names were always something special. In the beginning there were only first names; people had no need of anything more to distinguish themselves. In the Bible, which is the beginning of the history of names for us, the first people were named "Adam" - Hebrew for "human being" - and "Eve" Khavawhich can be translated as "Mother of Living Beings" or "Creating Life.

Very often they are plays on words, which are lost in translation. In the telling of the story of the twins Jacob and Esau, the Bible ties together a double folk etymology. Jacob, ya-akov Hebrew for "May God protect us," at birth held on to the heel akev of his twin brother Esau: "And they called him Yaakov,"28 that is, one who grabs the heel. Esau, later tricked out of his right of the first-born and of his father's blessing, complains to his father Isaac, and says, "Was he then named Jacob that he might supplant [akav - deceive] me these two times?

Later, after wrestling with God - "I will not let you go unless you bless me" - Jacob received the name "Israel," which can mean Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister who struggles with God. In later periods names were supposed Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister be good for a healthy or lucky life. Wishes, hopes, magic, incantations, all these even today parents take into consideration in choosing names for their children.

For the state, on the other hand, names principally have the function of distinguishing one individual from another. The state is interested in an orderly society. Given the large number of distinguishable family names, there must be order in given names as well. Up to the middle of this was administered relatively liberally.

According to section of the Civil Code, the father had parental power and with it the right to determine the given name of his child. There were no legal limitations on the choice of names. The only limitation lay Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister the old principle that given names should not be offensive to customs and order; they could not be senseless, ridiculous, or offensive.

Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister were always attempts by some parents to show their political preferences or their patriotic spirit in the choice of names for their children. Quite often such names turned out to be a burden for the children, who subsequently requested changes. Too close identification with currents in the choice of a name had its down side as well. After a few years, for many a father the acknowledgment of this or that political orientation as expressed in a name became quite embarrassing.

The post-war years had examples that were not restricted to the name Adolph, and it was the same in the Weimar period and in the Third Reich In such cases the district court could often be helpful after the fact. For example, in the given name "Lenin," pushed through by a father for his son born inwas stricken by the district court in Darmstadt on the grounds of its being offensive.

The court wrote: The surname 'Lenin' as a given name for a German child may have been admissible in the year in consideration of the then reigning perception of the law.

It was the expression of a time when the administration of justice demanded neutrality even in the face of forces that threatened the people. At that time there was no legal means Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister forbid the name 'Lenin' while permitting family names of historical personalities to be used as given names - e.

This value-free expression of Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister has been superseded. Just as foreign names Prostitutes Bad Muender am Deister German citizens are essentially inadmissible, so is there no longer any room in a German birth register for the name of the Russian Bolshevik Lenin as the given name of a German child.

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He had an understanding of their needs and visited them in their meager living quarters. Dyck, B. Many of the judges let themselves be coerced, suffering from more or less of a bad conscience, into giving the National Socialist system what they thought was its due because it was, after all, the "State.